95 ‘s-Hertogenbosch is a riverside municipality in the Netherlands characterised by impressive fortification walls and historic water defence features (bulwarks) that date back to the 16th century. Due to the disrepair of the bulwarks and the effects of climate change, at the end of the 20th century the inner part of the city was threatened by rising waters. The lack of public funding to sustain the urgent restoration work put pressure on the municipality to find a sustainable solution. The municipality turned to an overall redevelopment plan for the former St. John’s bulwark, deciding to restore the former water defence feature in a climate resilient way instead of building a new system. The restored building includes hydraulic and aquatic properties necessary for serving as a retaining wall for rising waters in order to protect the historic city. This climate resilient aquatic environment preserves this local cultural heritage. What? More info Bulwark heritage centre